Elder Abuse Essays

Elder Abuse Essays Elder Abuse Essay Elder Abuse Essay Question 1 What is elder abuse? The International Network for the Prevention of Abuse of Older People (INPEA) and the World Health Organisation (WHO) define Elder Abuse as: a single, or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress t an older person. Abuse of older people can be of various forms such as physical, psychological/emotional, sexual and financial. It also reflects intentional or unintentional neglect. (ACT Government Community Services, June 2012) Question 2 List five types of abuse. Give a brief description of each of elder abuse and an example of signs that could indicate abuse is occurring. Forms of Abuse of Older People: Physical Abuse: the infliction of pain or injury. This can include hitting, pushing, punching, kicking, biting, scratching, shaking, slapping, dragging, burning, inappropriately restraining or confining, inappropriately medicat ing, and damage to property. Psychological Abuse: inflicting mental anguish through actions that cause fear of violence, isolation or deprivation, and feelings of shame and powerlessness. It may nclude verbal intimidation, humiliation or embarrassment, shouting, bullying, threats of physical harm, threats of institutionalisation, withdrawal of affection (e. g. refusing access to grandchildren), emotional blackmail, damage to, or removal of property and possessions, removal of decision-making powers, or preventing access to services. Sexual Abuse: unwanted sexual behaviour including rape, indecent assault, sexual harassment or inappropriate touching. Financial Abuse: the illegal or improper use of an older persons finances or property. It may include stealing, misappropriating money, forcing changes to a will or other egal documents, denying access to personal funds, forging signatures or misusing Power of Attorney. Neglect: the failure of a carer to provide the necessities of life to a person for whom they are caring. Neglect can be intentional or unintentional. Intentional neglect is when an older person is abandoned or not provided with adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical or dental care, or where their spiritual needs are not met. It also includes improper use of medication, poor hygiene or personal care, or the refusal to allow other people to provide adequate care. Unintentional neglect occurs when a ay not be aware of the types of support available, or may be ill and unable to meet the persons needs. Social Abuse: preventing a person from having contact with friends or family, or access to social activities. It includes intrusion, isolation, and preventing independence using threats, manipulation and control. (Advocare 2012) Signs that would indicate that abuse is occurring would be: Physical Behavioural Showing signs of being afraid of a particular person/people Appearing worried and/or anxious for no obvious reason Becoming irritable or easily upset Appearing depressed or withdrawn Losing interest Sleep disturbances Changed eating habits Having thoughts of suicide Frequent shaking, trembling and/or crying attacks Rigid posture Presenting as helpless, hopeless or sad Making contradictory statements not resulting from mental confusion Reluctance or hesitation to talk openly, waiting for the carer to answer Avoiding physical, eye or verbal contact with carer or service provider. Psychological Abuse The person may be huddled when sitting and nervous with the family members or carer nearby Insomnia, sleep deprivation and loss of interest in self or environment Fearfulness, helplessness, passivity, apathy, resignation, withdrawal Sexual Abuse It can be very difficult to identify, as embarrassment and shame may prevent the subject from being raised. Medical or nursing staff should examine the genital areas for bruising, bleeding, and painful areas. Check for torn, stained or blood stained underwear. Look for evidence of sexually transmitted disease. Watch for difficulty in walking or sitting. Any of these signs may be indicative of sexual abuse. Financial Abuse This is the improper use of a persons money, property, or assets by someone else. Money can be a very sensitive subject. Gear of not having enough money for future care, or feeling obligated to others can leave a person vulnerable. These feelings can be reinforced and used as a threat. Material or financial abuse may be more easily detected when clients are visited in their own homes. Neglect This is where a person is deprived by the carer, or the carer is unable to provide the necessities of life. If food or drinks are being withheld, there is malnutrition, weight constipation or faecal impaction Isolation, lack of mental, physical, social or cultural contact Inadequate supervision, the person is abandoned/unattended for long eriods or locked in the house with any supervision There may be evidence of inadequate or inappropriate use of medication, for instance, the person may be over- sedated in the middle of the day There may be evidence of unmet physical needs such as decaying teeth or overgrown nails The person may be lacking necessary aids such as spectacles, dentures, hearing aids or walking frame Clothing may be poor hygiene or inadequate skin care. The victim may be very dirty, smell strongly or urine or be infested with lice. There may be a urine rash with abrasions and chafing Hypothermia, recent colds, bronchitis or pneumonia Department of Human Services September 1997) Question 3 Who is vulnerable to abuse? Abuse of older people crosses gender, social-economic, relig ious and cultural boundaries. Abuse is more likely to be inflicted by family members, especially an older persons adult children. Older people are at increased risk of abuse when they: Have a disability or poor health; Are in dependent caring relationships, particularly where a carer is experiencing carer burden or carer stress; Are isolated and/or without personal supports Have a past history of violence or conflict within the family Exhibit particularly ifficult and/or inappropriate behaviour, and/or confusion or memory loss; or Exhibit signs and symptoms of dementia. Question 4 What reporting mechanisms/systems are in place in residential care to address elder abuse? Recent amendments to the Aged Care Act 1997 (the Act) are designed to increase safeguards for residents of Aged Care homes. The Act requires approved Aged Care providers to report allegations or suspicions of unlawful sexual contact, or unreasonable use of force on a resident of an Australian Government subsidised Aged Care home. From 1 July 2007 Aged Care providers must have systems and protocols in place that nable compulsory reporting of such incidents. If the approved provider receives an allegation of, or starts to suspect on reasonable grounds that unreasonable use of force or unlawful sexual contact on a resident has taken place, they must report the allegation or suspicion as soon as reasonably practicable and within 24 hours to the Police and the Department via the Aged Care Complaints Scheme. They must also provide protections for staff who report abuse. (Aged Rights Advocacy Service 2012) Question 5. are no mandatory reporting laws for elder abuse anywhere in Australia. As from 1 July 2007 Compulsory Reporting of certain assaults, inflected on a recipient of residential care was imposed on providers of Australian Government subsidised Aged Care homes. Amendments to the Aged Care Act 1997 (the Act) are designed to Aged Care providers to report unlawful sexual contact or unreasonable use of force on a resident of an Australian Government subsidised Aged Care home. (Aged Care Act 1997) Question 6 Who is primarily responsible for services relating to abuse of the older person in the wider community? List the range of responses Elder Abuse and the Law Mandatory Reporting There are no mandatory reporting laws for elder abuse anywhere in Australia. As from the 1st July 2007 Compulsory Reporting of certain assaults, inflicted on a recipient of residential care was imposed on providers of Australian Government subsidised Aged Care homes. Amendments to the Aged Care Act 1997 (the Act) are designed to increase safeguards for residents of Aged Care homes. The Act requires approved Aged Care providers to report unlawful sexual contact or unreasonable use of force on a resident of an Australian Government subsidised Aged Care home. Suggested interventions include: Crisis care Provision of community support services Provision of respite care Counselling Alternative accommodation Legal interventions including police involvement, restraining orders, and applications for guardianship and financial management. At this time the evidence in support of mandatory reporting is not convincing. The consensus of government reports and researchers has been to oppose the introduction of mandatory reporting. Workers and agencies are encouraged to seek advice from specialist services whenever required (e. g. Aged Care Assessment Teams, legal services, Police, mental ealth services, sexual assault services). All agencies that provide services to older people have the following roles in responding to the abuse of older people: Refer suspected, disclosed or established cases of abuse to appropriate services Identify possible abuse of older people (Australian Society for Geriatric Medicine Position Statement No. 1 Elder Abuse) Are older people with Dementia at higher risk of elder abuse? Support your answer Older people with dementia are more likely to be abused than those who are cognitively intact. This may be related to increased dependence on carers or to a ower likelihood of seeking help. Mistreatment occurs when C6s (referred to hereafter as care givers) cause harm to persons with dementia (referred to hereafter as care recipients (CRs) through their actions or failure to act. Risk factors can be characteristics of the CR, the CG, their relationship, and the environment. These formed the design of the current study. Some CG factors associated with mistreatment of CR include poor health, social isolation, and mental health problems such as depressive symptoms and anxiety. The CGS perception of caregiving burden has been associated with multiple types of abuse. Similarly, being a spouse CG, duration of caregiving, and a shared living arrangement have been associated with mistreatment. A poor pre-morbid relationship was associated with CG physical aggression, whereas a good pre-morbid relationship and the use of formal services were associated with lower likelihood of mistreatment. CR factors significantly related to elder abuse included poor functional status and more-severe cognitive impairment. Several studies have associated CR behavioural problems with mistreatment, and CR physical aggression specifically with physical abuse. (Wiglesworth A, Mosqueda L et al Journal of American Geriatric oc. 2010) Question 8 List the key strategies for prevention/early intervention of Elder Abuse. Key strategies for preventing abuse include: Encouraging and supporting older people to stay active and socially connected Ensuring that older people have access to independent information and advice prior to making decisions about financial and housing matters Educating older people to assert their rights and gain support where necessary Facilitating older peoples use of powers of attorney and guardianship which can enable them to plan for and have choice over who will have control over their affairs f they lose capacity in the future Educating professionals to identify and respond to abuse Community care agencies and workers have an important role to play in implementing these strategies. Strategies to provide easier access to information and advice through helplines and specialised abuse services can be effective. Queensland, Victoria and the ACT have implemented helplines with positive feedback from a Queensland evaluation (Procopis 2007). The Victorian, WA and ACT Governmen ts have developed state wide policy frameworks addressing the abuse of older people. The Victorian Governments Elder Abuse Prevention Strategy, for example, includes a financial literacy program, an education and training package for professionals, specialist legal and advocacy services and community education (Office of Senior Victorians 2009). Page Research to Practice Briefing 3 February 2010 REFERENCES ACT Government Community Services, June 2012, ACT Elder Abuse Program Policy, viewed 30 May, 2013 http://ACT (ACT Elder Abuse Program Policy). Advocare viewed 30 May 2013: Advocare. org. au 2012. Aged Care Act 1997, Australian Government Department of Health Ageing 4 May, 2013. Aged Rights Advocacy Service (ARAS) 2012, viewed 24/5/13. viewed Australian Society for Geriatric Medicine Position Statement No. 1 Elder Abuse Department of Human Services Southern Metropolitan Region, (Dealing with Elder Abuse September 1997). Government Community Services, June 2012, Government Community Services, June Government Practice Guidelines for Health Services and Community Agencies for the Prevention of Elder Abuse viewed 30/5/13. ervices and community agencies Wiglesworth A, Mosqueda L, Mulnard R, Liao S, Gibbs L, Fitzgerald W. Screening for Abuse and Neglect of People with Dementia Viewed 4 June, 2013, http:// Medscape. com/v iewpublication 2010 (American Geriatric Soc. 2010. ) PART B case study Your grandmother lives in an aged care facility and overall seems happy with the care that she receives. However, recently the staff seems to be very busy and do not attend to her toileting needs. When you speak to the staff they are too busy to attend for some time. Your grandmother finds this very distressing. You are her representative and she has indicated that she wants you to intervene on her behalf. What rights does your grandmother have? My grandmother has the right o full and effective use of her personal, civil, legal and consumer rights to quality care appropriate to her needs to have full information about her own state of health and about available treatments neglect to live without discrimination or victimisation, and without being obliged to feel grateful to those providing her care and accommodation to personal privacy to live in a safe, secure and homelike environment, and to move freely both within and outside the residential care service without undue restriction to be treated and accepted as an individual, and to have her individual preferences taken into account nd treated with respect to continue her cultural and religious practices, and to keep the language of her choice, without discrimination to select and maintain social and personal relationships with anyone else without fear, criticism or restriction to freedom of speech to maintain her personal independence to accept personal responsibility for h er own actions and choices, even though these may involve an element of risk, because she has the right to accept the risk and not to have the risk used as a ground for preventing or restricting her actions and choices to maintain control over, and to continue making decisions about, the ersonal aspects of her daily life, financial affairs and possessions to be involved in the activities, associations and friendships of her choice, both within and outside the residential care service to have access to services and activities available generally in the community to be consulted on, and to choose to have input into, decisions about the living arrangements of the residential care service to have access to information about her rights, care, accommodation and any other information that relates to her personally to complain and to take action to resolve disputes o have access to advocates and other avenues of redress to be free from reprisal, or a well-founded fear of reprisal, in any fo rm for taking action to enforce her rights. (User Rights Principles 1997) Question 2 What is the Act that protects residents against abuse in Aged Care Facilities? The Charter of Residents Rights and Responsibilities under the Aged Care Act 1997 explicitly states that people living in aged care homes have the right to be treated with dignity and respect, and to live without exploitation, abuse or neglect. A process for reporting allegations of suspicions of physical assault and unlawful exual contact to the Victorian Department of Health was established in 2007. The reporting is consistent with accountability principles that underpin funding to all Victorian public health services. All Public Sector Residential Aged Care Services (PSRACS) must notify the department of these reports, at the same time or within 24 hours of advising the Scheme, Victoria Police and residents family. Question 3 How can you advocate on behalf of your grandmother? Outline your approach. If I did feel a complaint was warranted I would bring it up to a staff member that I was comfortable dealing with. If this was a serious complaint I would take it up with the homes administration. If I was uncertain I would ask, talk it over, perhaps have a chat to someone that I trusted who was not emotionally involved to get a clear picture of my grandmothers situation and another opinion. Approach staff- Talk to the staff finger at tired or uneducated nursing staff. A phrase that has a negotiatory tone is much more likely to get the response required. It should be put in the l sense such as Im concerned that such as such is happening. Talk to management- If no action is taken talk to the next person up the ladder. Use your support person to record events from a less emotional position. Using a back up person also shows you are less likely to back off. Record events- Start taking notes of the situation including the sequence of events and any relevant dates, names and staff responses. Nursing homes should have a complaints process in place, dont wait too long to lodge a complaint. Making an official complaint- If things are still unsatisfactory, it is now time to use the official complaints mechanism of the organisation or aged care system. This is where having kept a record is imperative. A well documented difficulty nd the sequence of events is much more likely to be corrected than one that is hazy. (Aged Carer) I would be sure that my Grandmother was kept informed that everyone was working on the complaint and giving her status reports. Your grandmother asked you to advocate on her behalf. What type of advocate would you be? Advocacy is about someones life. The aim would be to keep the focus of any discussion on my grandmother. Something that might be a good idea for one person, might not be a good idea for another. I would need to discuss with the residential care home my grandmothers individual needs and expectations. I would represent my grandmother who I was advocating for what she values and her communication, temperament, methods and style, what brings on a smile, etc. I would avoid avid direct confrontation and go for a win/win situation. Question 5 What outside agencies would you approach on behalf of your grandmother if your complaint is not dealt with effectively? I could contact the Public Sector Residential Aged Care Services (PSRACS) and I could report to the Commonwealth Government and Victoria Police (this would have to be done within 24 hours of the incident). I would need to record my contact details; including my email address and telephone umber so that the Victorian Department of Health could contact me immediately if and to make complaints about health service providers. The Health Services Commissioner (HSC) is an independent statutory authority established to receive and resolve complaints about health service providers. The HSC also handles complaints about disclosure of health information and access to health information and ageing. Aged Carer viewed 3 June, 2013 agedcarer. com. au Australian Government Department of Health Ageing Charter of Residents Rights Responsibilities 1997. Schedule 1 of the User Rights Principles 1997

Tiempo máximo de estancia permitido en Estados Unidos

Tiempo mximo de estancia permitido en Estados Unidos Para evitar problemas migratorios muy serios es necesario saber y respetar el tiempo mximo de estancia legal permitido en Estados Unidos. En realidad, el monto de la estadà ­a legal depende de varios factores, como por ejemplo, tipo de visa. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre la cantidad de tiempo que un extranjero con visa de no inmigrante puede quedarse legalmente en Estados Unidos, segà ºn los casos –turista, estudiante, intercambio, trabajo o inversià ³n–. Tambià ©n se informa sobre lo que se conoce como periodo de gracia  y cà ³mo afecta a la estadà ­a legal la extensià ³n o los cambios de visa realizados desde dentro de Estados Unidos. Por supuesto, los extranjeros con una tarjeta de residencia pueden permanecer en el paà ­s el tiempo que quieran. Es ms, estn obligados a vivir en el paà ­s y sà ³lo pueden ausentarse para viajar a otro por tiempo limitado. Tiempo que turistas pueden quedarse legalmente en EE.UU. Para el caso de los turistas hay respuestas diferentes segà ºn el documento que se ha utilizado para ingresar al paà ­s. Adems surge la duda sobre si conviene agotar el tiempo permitido o es ms aconsejable salir antes.   Un primer caso es el de los turistas que ingresan a Estados Unidos sin visa. Los ciudadanos de 38 paà ­ses pueden ingresar a los Estados Unidos sin visa, si lo hacen como turistas o para un asunto de negocios. Si llegan por avià ³n o barco necesitan solicitar antes una autorizacià ³n electrà ³nica que se conoce como ESTA. Para las personas que estn en esta situacià ³n el tiempo mximo de estadà ­a es de 90 dà ­as. No hay excepcià ³n. Tampoco es posible pedir una extensià ³n. Asimismo tampoco funciona salirse a un paà ­s fronterizo, como Canad o Mà ©xico, con la idea de ganar otros 90 dà ­as.   Si se sale a uno de esos paà ­ses, se reingresa con el mismo periodo de tiempo que ya se tenà ­a, sin que se inicie otro nuevo y si ya est agotado el oficial del paso migratorio puede denegar la entrada por considerar que se est jugando con los là ­mites legales de estancia. Un segundo caso es el de los turistas que ingresan a Estados Unidos con una visa lser, tambià ©n conocida como tarjeta de cruce. Pueden tenerla los mexicanos o los ciudadanos de otros paà ­ses que residen legalmente junto a la frontera entre Mà ©xico y Estados Unidos. Las lser tienen sus propias reglas para solicitarlas, millas que se puede ingresar en el paà ­s y tiempo de estadà ­a.  Como norma general, con la visa lser sà ³lo se puede permanecer en Estados Unidos un mximo de 30 dà ­as. Si se desea ingresar por ms tiempo solicitar el permiso I-94 en el paso fronterizo. Por à ºltimo, est el caso de los turistas que ingresan a Estados Unidos con visa de turista, tambià ©n conocida en algunos paà ­ses como de placer o de paseo o como B2 o la combinada B1/B2. El tiempo mximo de estadà ­a lo fija el oficial de la CBP en el puesto fronterizo terrestre, puerto o aeropuerto.   Aunque es muy comà ºn que se permita el ingreso por 180 dà ­as, eso no es siempre asà ­ y puede ser por mucho menos. Este dato hay que tenerlo claro. Y si no se sabe, consultar el registro de ingreso y salida en la pgina de la CBP. Asimismo, no se debe confundir jams el tiempo de autorizacià ³n para permanecer legalmente en Estados Unidos con la fecha de expiracià ³n de la visa, ya que son dos cosas muy distintas.   Conveniencia de quedarse en EEUU todo el tiempo autorizado Frecuentemente los turistas se plantean si es buena idea permanecer en Estados Unidos hasta agotar el plazo legal de estancia. Lamentablemente, a esa pregunta no hay una respuesta à ºnica, ya que va a depender del caso de cada uno. Lo importante es que el oficial de inmigracià ³n en el punto de ingreso a los Estados Unidos no tenga ninguna razà ³n para sospechar que la estancia en el paà ­s ha sido o va a ser por motivos distintos al turismo. Hay que evitar dar la impresià ³n de que se estn desarrollando actividades no permitidas con la visa, como por ejemplo estudiar, trabajar o, simplemente, residir. Antes de quedarse ms tiempo del permitido es necesario saber las consecuencias, ya que pueden ser muy serias. Asimismo, conviene saber con quà © frecuencia se puede ingresar al paà ­s para evitar ser parado por las autoridades migratorias y ser regresado al paà ­s de origen. Cunto tiempo se puede permanecer en USA con la visa J-1 Las visas J-1 de intercambio comprenden una gran variedad de programas. La regla general para las personas que tienen estas visas es que se pueden ingresar a Estados Unidos un mximo de 30 dà ­as antes de iniciar el programa y se pueden quedar durante la duracià ³n regular del mismo, que est seà ±alado en el DS 2019.   Una vez que se termina se tienen 30 dà ­as de periodo de gracia para dejar Estados Unidos. Durante ese mes se puede viajar, si asà ­ se desea, pero no se puede seguir participando en ninguna actividad relacionada con el programa.   Estas reglas aplican tambià ©n a los familiares de las personas con visas J-1 y que estn en USA como dependientes. Tiempo de permanencia visas F-1 y M-1 de estudiante Con cualquiera de estas dos visas de estudiante se puede ingresar a Estados Unidos un mximo de 30 dà ­as antes al comienzo del programa. Sin embargo siguen reglas distintas para el periodo de gracia. Los titulares de visas M-1 deben salir del paà ­s en un mximo de 30 dà ­as desde la finalizacià ³n regular del programa mientras que los de la F-1 tienen un mximo de 60 dà ­as desde la fecha de finalizacià ³n regular del programa. Tiempo de permanencia para los titulares de visas H En esta categorà ­a entran las H-1B para profesionales y modelos, las H-2A para agricultura, las H-2B para trabajos temporeros no agrà ­colas, las H-3 para formacià ³n profesional y las H-4 para familiares de los titulares de otras visa H y que estn en Estados Unidos como acompaà ±antes. Todas estas personas pueden ingresar a Estados Unidos un mximo de 10 dà ­as antes de comenzar su trabajo y el periodo de gracia para permanecer en el paà ­s una vez que se acaba el trabajo es de 10 dà ­as. Incrementar el tiempo que se puede permanecer legalmente Si se ha ingresado con una visa no inmigrante es posible solicitar una extensià ³n de la estadà ­a o un cambio a otro tipo de visa no inmigrante, como por ejemplo, un turista pasarse a estudiante.   Si la fecha de la estancia autorizada llega a su fin antes que la aprobacià ³n de la extensià ³n se considera que no hay problema siempre y cuando la peticià ³n se hubiera realizado de buena fe.   Si se ha ingresado con visa, se ha pedido extensià ³n y no es aprobada, entonces con carcter general se conceden 30 dà ­as para salir de Estados Unidos. Los dà ­as se cuentan a partir de la fecha que aparece en la carta en la que se notifica la denegacià ³n. Pero hay que tener en cuenta que cada caso es un mundo, y que en la carta se puede notificar un periodo ms corto, que es el que habrà ­a que respetar. Sin embargo, un caso muy distinto al anterior es el de las personas que ingresaron sin visa como turistas o para hacer negocios por pertenecer a los paà ­ses del Visa Waiver Program. Estos extranjeros no pueden bajo ninguna circunstancia extender la estadà ­a ni solicitar ningà ºn tipo de visa mientras estn presentes en Estados Unidos. Si bien en casos muy concretos podrà ­an quedarse mediante un ajuste de estatus como por ejemplo en los casos de matrimonio con ciudadano y cumpliendo todos los requisitos. Pero son casos muy delicados y es siempre aconsejable asesorarse con un buen abogado de inmigracià ³n.  Finalmente,  en algunos casos muy especà ­ficos es posible pedir una restauracià ³n de estatus que es lo que se conoce por la expresià ³n del latà ­n nunc pro tunc. A tener en cuenta cuando se est en un periodo de gracia Hay que pensarlo dos veces antes de salir de USA y volver a ingresar, ya que puede suceder que no se permita el regreso. Quà © sucede cuando se sobrepasatiempo mximo de estancia Quedarse ms tiempo del permitido tiene importantes consecuencias migratorias que conviene no ignorar, asà ­ sea por sà ³lo un dà ­a el exceso. Lo primero, es que la persona se coloca en situacià ³n de indocumentada y, por lo tanto, puede ser detenida y dependiendo de las circunstancias de cada caso, puede ser expulsada o deportada. En algunos casos puede ser posible arreglar los papeles, pero en otros la situacià ³n de indocumentado cierra esa posibilidad por lo que antes de hacerlo conviene informarse bien con un abogado de migracià ³n reputado. Adems, la visa serà ­a revocada ya que es una de las causas de cancelacià ³n de la visa. En el caso de haber ingresado como turista sin visa por ser de un paà ­s del Programa de Exencià ³n de visados, se pierde ese privilegio. Finalmente, es posible incurrir en el castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os que podrà ­a complicar enormemente el regreso a Estados Unidos. Puntos clave Los turistas sin visa pueden permanecer 90 dà ­as, sin cambios ni extensià ³nLos turistas con visa B2, generalmente 180 dà ­as, pero verificar con el I-94Los estudiantes con visa F-1 y derivadas: 60 dà ­as desde fin de programaEstudiantes con visa M-1 y derivadas: 30 dà ­as desde fin de programaPrograma de intercambio J-1 y derivadas: 30 dà ­as desde el fin del programaVisas de trabajo H y derivadas: cuanto antes, mximo 10 dà ­as desde fin de trabajo Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a para ningà ºn caso concreto.